案例：某虹膜炎患者，医生给予阿托品滴眼等治疗措施。用药后患者出现瞳孔扩大，视物不清，畏光，疑病情加重，第二天再次复诊。问
　　①阿托品为什么会引起瞳孔扩大？
　　②患者是否一定是病情加重？
　　I Receptors
　　1.Dentification
　　Receptor　　 　　a part of neuron or a specialized cell
　　Sense organ 　　Receptor + non-neural cells

　　2.Classifications

　　location：

　　　　　　　exteroceptor
　　　　　　　interoceptor
　　type of stimulus：

　　　　　　　 mechanoreceptor
　　　　　　　thermoreceptor nociceptor
　　　　　　　electromagnetic receptor 　
　　　　　　　chemoreceptor
　　 3.Characteristics of receptor
　　　(1)differential sensitivity
　　　　* adequate stimulus
　　　　* sensory threshold
　　　(2)Transduction

　　　*receptor potential
　　　*generator potential

　　Mechanism

　　Characteristics

　　(3)Encoding
　　To transform the information from stimulus into a train of nerve impulses
　　The quality (modality) of sensation specific part of the brain
　　The quantity (intensity) of sensation　 Frequency of AP
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Number of activated receptor
　　(4) Adaptation
　　when a maintained stimulus of constant strength is applied to a receptor, the frequency of the AP in its sensory nerve declines ever time.

　　　 A maintained constant stimulus, the impulse frequency ↓
　　　　rapidly adapting receptor
　　　　slowly adapting receptor　

　　II eye
　　1. Anatomy

　　2. Optics of the eye
　　(1) Refraction of light

　(4) Visual acuity
　　人眼辨别物体微细结构的最大能力，即辨别两点空间最小距离的能力
　　为什么不能看清无限远的物体：太远光线太弱
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　太远在视网膜上成像太小
　(5) Accommodation

　　 parasympathetic nerve
　　②near point 眼能看清的最近距离 μ elasticity of the lens
　　8 years old 8.6 cm
　　20 years old 10.4cm
　　60 years old 83.3cm

　　(6) Near response
　　　　①accommodation 　
　　　　②Pupil contraction near reflex of pupil

　　　　③Convergence convergence reflex
　　(7) Errors of refraction

　　*Emmetropia normal vision
　　*Myopia Nearsightedness
　　Characteristics: parallel light rays are focused in front of retina
　　Causes too long eyeball
　　Too much refractory power
　　Correction concave lens
　　*Hyperopia : Farsightedness
　　Characteristics: parallel light rays are focused behind retina
　　Cause too shoot eyeball
　　too weak refractory power
　　Correction convex lens
　　*Astigmatism
　　Characteristics light rays are refracted to different focus
　　Cause the currature of refractive system are not uniform
　　Correction cylindrical lens
　　*presbuopia
　　Characteristics near point ↑
　　Cause elasticity of the lens ↓
　　Correction conves lens
　　(8) visual field
　　(9) binocular vision and stereopsis

　　3. photoreceptor function of retina
　　(1) structure of retina

(3) photochemical reaction of rhodopsin

　　(5) dark adaptation and light adaptation
　　①dark adaptation

　　 ②light adaptation
　　　　*level of photochemical
　　　　*pupilary light reflex
　　　sensitivity to light 500,000~1000,000 times
　　③night blindness vitamine A ↓
　　(6) color vision Trichromacy theory
　

　　*color blindness

　　III Ear
　　External ear
　　Ear Middle ear
　　Inner ear cochlea

1. hearing threshold and fragnency range of hearing

　　*hearing threshold
　　*frequency range of hearing

　思考题

　　 1.简述视近物时眼的调节过程
　　2.简述视锥细胞和视杆细胞的主要特点
　　3.简述常见屈光不正的种类、原因及矫正方法
　　4.简述耳是如何对声音进行初步分析的
　参考文献
　　1. 姚泰.罗自强 生理学（七年制教材）人民卫生出版社2001
　　2. 姚泰 人体生理学（第3版）人民卫生出版社2001
　　3. Ganong WF. Review of medical physiology(20th) 1999
　　4. Guyton AC. Textbook of medical physiology(10th) 2000